You are currently viewing 晝夜節律背後的奧秘

晝夜節律背後的奧秘

撰文:Aster Lee | 插圖:Aster Lee


你身邊有沒有一位朋友,總是滑手機滑至夜深,翌日永遠也睡到下午,而你從來也不能夠約到他早上出來的?其實人類的晝夜節律(chronotype)是可以分為清晨型和夜晚型,俗稱為 early birds 和 night owls。清晨型是早睡早起的一群,而他們感覺較精神的時間是在早上的。相反,夜晚型習慣在晚一點的時間才睡覺和起床,而他們感覺較精神的時間是在午後或黃昏的(Nimrod, 2015)。

研究指出,人的晝夜節律是會受基因所影響的(Klei et al., 2005; Vink et al., 2001)。然而,除了基因因素外,其他因素也對斷定你是清晨型還是夜晚型擔當著重要的角色,這些因素可以分為以下三種:

  1. 環境因素

不同季節也能影響你的睡醒週期 (sleep-wake cycle)。在一項研究中,Hebert et al.(1998)發現參加者在夏天的睡醒週期是比在冬天的較早。這是因為夏天的日照時間較冬天長,而人們在較多的陽光照射下,會傾向較早清醒。因此,你在夏天時會傾向於清晨型,而在冬天時時會傾向於夜晚型。

  1. 社會因素

另外一個因素是我們的日常生活。生活較規律的人,是較早清醒的(Monk et al., 2004)。這包括需要每天早上醒來上學的學生以及工作的上班一族。他們穩定的日程令他們的入睡時間得以固定,以得到充足的睡眠。相反,生活較沒規律的人,較大機會熬夜,皆因他們知道即使翌日要早起,後天也能晚一點才起床來補充睡眠。

  1. 個人因素

就性別而言,一項研究指出,女性普遍比男性較多為清晨型(Randler & Engelke, 2019)。其次,就年齡而言,青少年會傾向是夜貓族。而當他們逐漸長大,晝夜節律會逐漸傾向於清晨型(Klei et al., 2005; Paine et al., 2006)。這可歸因於他們隨年齡增長而在生理上發生的轉變,例如在褪黑素(melatonin)和體溫節律(core body temperature rhythm)的轉變(Duffy et al., 1999)。

實際上,我們也正在受以上的非基因因素所影響而成為清晨型或夜晚型, 但其實你不必為你是哪類型的人而過分擔憂,因為清晨型和夜晚型的人是各有優勢的。

夜晚型的優勢
一項研究指出夜晚型的人的智力得分較高(Roberts & Kyllonen, 1999)。除此之外,夜晚型的人性格較為外向(Neubauer, 1992),而他們大多對轉變抱有一個開放的心態(Vollmer & Randler, 2012)。正因他們較開放,他們會對個人小眾的價值觀抱有較高的接受程度。

清晨型的優勢
清晨型的人傾向有較好的學業表現(Beşoluk et al., 2011; Randler & Frech, 2006)。這是因為學校考試大多數是在早上進行的,而清晨型的人的腦部在這段時間最為清醒(Preckel et al., 2011)。其次,清晨型的人情緒會較為穩定(Muro et al., 2009),並且較低機會患上心理疾病,例如憂鬱症(Randler, 2011)和焦慮症(Lemoine et al., 2013)。再者,清晨型的人會在做事時較注重細節(Randler, 2008),令他們做事較有條理。

不過說到底,每人有專屬於自己的晝夜節律,其實只要適合自己的生活模式便可。但是如果你有持續失眠問題並有夜晚型傾向,而這些問題導致你身心有所影響,你可以參加我們實驗室其中一個治療研究,你亦需要符合以下條件:

  • 12 至 24 歲
  • 過去一個月至少有兩星期受失眠問題困擾,且睡眠問題令你產生很大的困擾及對日常生活有顯著影響(如社交,學習或者其他方面)
  • 長期夜瞓的習慣(夜晚型傾向;經常於凌晨12點後才上床睡覺)

此研究旨在為參與者提供針對失眠的認知行為治療及光治療,以了解治療對改善睡眠困擾的效果。參加者會參與心理輔導小組並配合使用特製強光眼鏡,治療費用全免。有興趣的你,可以到 https://forms.gle/oFDBK3xQ3kD6AaRg6 登記。

  1. Beşoluk, S. Önder, I., & Deveci, I. (2011). Morningness-eveningness preferences and academic achievement of university students. Chronobiology International, 28, 118–125.
  2. Duffy, J. F., Dijik, D. J., Hall, E. F., Czeisler, C. A. (1999). Relationship of endogenous circadian melatonin and temperature rhythms to self-reported preference for morning or evening activity in young and older people. Journal of Inverstigative Medicine, 47(3), 141-150.
  3. Hubert, M., Dumont, M., & Paquet, J. (1998). Seasonal and diurnal patterns of human illumination under natural conditions. Chronobiology international, 15(1), 59-70.
  4. Klei, L., Reitz, P., Miller, M., Wood, J., Maendel, S., Gross, D., Waldner, T., Eaton, J., Monk, T. H., & Nimgaonkar, V. L. (2005). Heritability of morningness-eveningness and self-report sleep measures in a family based sample of 521 Hutterites. Chronobiology International, 22, 1041-1054.
  5. Lemoine, P., Zawieja, P., Ohayon, M.M. (2013). Associations between morningness/eveningness and psychopathology: An epidemiological survey in three in-patient psychiatric clinics. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47, 1095-1098.
  6. Monk, H. M., Buysse, D. J., Potts, J. M., DeGrazia, J. M., & Kupfer, D. J. (2004). Morningness-eveningness and lifestyle regularity. Chronobiology International, 21, 435–443.
  7. Muro, A., Gomà-i-Freixanet, M., & Adan, A. (2009). Morningness-eveningness, sex, and the alternative five factor model of personality. Chronobiology International, 26, 1235–1248.
  8. Neubauer, A. C. (1992). Psychometric properties of two circadian rhythm questionnaires and their relationship with personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 125–132.
  9. Nimrod, G. (2015). Early Birds and Night Owls: Differences in Media Preferences, Usages, and Environments. International Journal of Communication, 9, 133-153.
  10. Paine, S.-J., Gander, P. H., & Travier, N. (2006). The epidemiology of morningness/eveningness: Influence of age, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic factors in adults (30–49 years). Journal of Biological Rhythms, 21, 68–76.
  11. Preckel, F., Lipnevich, A. A., Schneider, S., Roberts, R. D. (2011). Chronotype, cognitive abilities, and academic achievement: A meta-analytic investigation. Learning and Individual Differences, 21, 483-492.
  12. Randler, C. (2008). Morningness-eveningness, sleep-wake variables and big five personality factors. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 191-196.
  13. Randler, C. (2011). Association between morningness-eveningness and mental and physical health in adolescents. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 16, 29-38.
  14. Randler, C., & Engelke, J. (2019). Gender differences in chronotype diminish with age: a meta-analysis based on morningness/chronotype questionnaires. Chronobiology international, 36(7), 888-905.
  15. Randler, C., Frech, D. (2006). Correlation between morningness-eveningness and final school leaving exams. Biological Rhythm Research, 37, 233-239.
  16. Roberts, R. D., & Kyllonen, P. C. (1999). Morningness-eveningness and intelligence: Early to bed, early to rise will likely make you anything but wise. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 1123– 1133.
  17. Vink J. M., Vink, J. M., Groot, A. S., Kerkhof, G. A., & Boomsma, D. I. (2001). Genetic analysis of morningness and eveningness. Chronobiology International, 18, 809–822.
  18. Vollmer, C., Michel, U., & Randler, C. (2012). Outdoor light at night (LAN) is correlated with eveningness in adolescents. Chronobiology International, 29, 502–508.